Study on the degradation behavior and mechanical properties of Diopside in simulated body fluid at pH 7.4

Souheila Zouai; Fatiha  Guerfa; Fahima  Zenikheri; Faiza  Bouaïcha; Fadda  Saadi; Hayatte  Messadia

Souheila Zouai Laboratory of Applied and Theoretical Physics, Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University, Tebessa, Algeria
Fatiha Guerfa Laboratory of Physics of Radiations and its Interactions with Matter (LRPRIM), University of Batna 1, Batna, Algeria, Laboratory of the Active Components and Materials, Larbi Ben M‘Hidi University Oum El Bouaghi, Alegria
Fahima Zenikheri Laboratory of the Active Components and Materials, Larbi Ben M‘Hidi University Oum El Bouaghi, Alegria
Faiza Bouaïcha Laboratory of the Active Components and Materials, Larbi Ben M‘Hidi University Oum El Bouaghi, Alegria
Fadda Saadi Laboratory of Applied and Theoretical Physics, Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University, Tebessa, Algeria
Hayatte Messadia Laboratory of Applied and Theoretical Physics, Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University, Tebessa, Algeria

Keywords: Simulated Body Fluid, Diopside; Dolomite, Microhardness, Flexural strength, Hydroxyapatite

Abstract

This study explored the impact of immersion time in simulated body fluid on the degradation behavior and mechanical properties of a diopside composite. The selected immersion durations were 6 h and 2, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days. The composite was synthesized using dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂) as the raw material, with experimental results analyzed using X-ray diffraction. The initial results indicated a weight reduction of 0.93% after 6 h of immersion, which shifted to a slight weight increase of 0.08% after 30 days. Porosity rose by 7.67% in the first 6 h due to dissolution but diminished to 3.54% after 30 days following apatite deposition. Mechanical testing revealed that microhardness declined from 4.7 GPa to 4 GPa within 2 days and further decreased to 3.2 GPa by day 14, where it stabilized. Notably, this stabilized value is close to the hardness of tooth enamel. A decrease in flexural strength was also observed, dropping from 167.4 to 129.6 MPa by day 14, aligning with values typically found in cortical bone. X-ray diffraction analysis after 14 days of immersion confirmed the formation of a hydroxyapatite layer during dissolution, highlighting diopside's pronounced bioactivity. Its robust mechanical properties combined with an acceptable level of bioactivity make it a promising candidate for load-bearing biomedical applications, offering durability and resistance to degradation in simulated body fluid environments.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Giannoudis PV, Dinopoulos H, Tsiridis E. Bone substitutes: an update. Injury . 2005;36(3):20-27.

Paul W, Sharma CP. Ceramic drug delivery: a perspective. J Biomater Appl . 2003;17(4):253-264.

Laonapakul T. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite from biogenic wastes. Eng Appl Sci Res . 2015;42(3):269-275.

Jones JR. Review of bioactive glass: from Hench to hybrids. Acta Biomater . 2013;9(1):4457-4486.

Johnson AJW, Herschler BA. A review of the mechanical behavior of CaP and CaP/polymer composites for applications in bone replacement and repair. Acta Biomater . 2011;7(1):16-30.

Venkatraman SK, Swamiappan S. Review on calcium‐and magnesium‐based silicates for bone tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res A . 2020;108(7):1546-1562.

Valerio P, Pereira MM, Goes AM, Leite MF. The effect of ionic products from bioactive glass dissolution on osteoblast proliferation and collagen production. Biomaterials . 2004;25(14):2941-2948.

Choudhary R, Manohar P, Vecstaudza J, Yáñez-Gascón MJ, Sánchez HP, Nachimuthu R, et al. Preparation of nanocrystalline forsterite by combustion of different fuels and their comparative in-vitro bioactivity, dissolution behaviour and antibacterial studies. Mater Sci Eng C . 2017;77:811-822.

Fosca M, Rau JV, Uskoković V. Factors influencing the drug release from calcium phosphate cements. Bioact Mater . 2022;7:341-363.

Choudhary R, Vecstaudza J, Krishnamurithy G, Raghavendran HRB, Murali MR, Kamarul T, et al. In-vitro bioactivity, biocompatibility and dissolution studies of diopside prepared from biowaste by using sol–gel combustion method. Mater Sci Eng C . 2016;68:89-100.

Iwata NY, Lee GH, Tokuoka Y, Kawashima N. Sintering behavior and apatite formation of diopside prepared by coprecipitation process. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces . 2004;34(4):239-245.

Lin K, Chen L, Chang J. Fabrication of dense hydroxyapatite nanobioceramics with enhanced mechanical properties via two‐step sintering process. Int J Appl Ceram Technol . 2012;9(3):479-485.

Harabi A, Harabi E. A modified milling system, using a bimodal distribution of highly resistant ceramics. Part 1. A natural hydroxyapatite study. Mater Sci Eng C . 2015;51:206-215.

Zouai S, Fares A, Khuwaylid S, Ezzedine K, Harabi A. Biological properties study of bioactive diopside prepared from local raw materials. J Ren Energies . 2025;28(1):79-91.

Zouai S, Harabi A, Karboua N, Harabi E, Chehlatt S, Barama SE, et al. A new and economic approach to synthesize and fabricate bioactive diopside ceramics using a modified domestic microwave oven. Part 2: effect of P2O5 additions on diopside bioactivity and mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng C . 2016;61:553-563.

Osuchukwu OA, Salihi A, Abdullahi I, Abdulkareem B, Nwannenna CS. Synthesis techniques, characterization and mechanical properties of natural derived hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone implants: A review. SN Appl Sci . 2021;3:23.

Yoshimi T, Sugiyama N, Takeoka Y, Rikukawa M, Aizawa M. Changes of material properties of inorganic / organic hybrids fabricated by infiltration of poly (L-lactic acid) into open pores of porous hydroxyapatite ceramics in a simulated body fluid. J Aust Ceram Soc . 2011;47:18-22.

Ni S, Chang J. In vitro degradation, bioactivity, and cytocompatibility of calcium silicate, dimagnesium silicate, and tricalcium phosphate bioceramics. J Biomater Appl . 2009;24(2):139-158.

Harabi A, Zouai S. A preparation process of bioactive diopside from native dolomite and SiO2. Patent INAPI. 2011. N° 110726.

Harabi A, Zouai S. A new and economic approach to synthesize and fabricate bioactive diopside ceramics using a modified domestic microwave oven. Part 1: Study of sintering and bioactivity. Int J Appl Ceram Technol . 2014;11(1):31-46.

Tsuru K, Munar M, Ishikawa K, Othman R. Mechanical behavior and cell response of PCL coated α-TCP foam for cancellous-type bone replacement. Ceram Int . 2013;39(5):5631-5637.

Munz D, Fett T. Ceramics: Mechanical Properties, Failure Behaviour, Materials Selection . Springer; 2013.

Harabi A, Davies TJ. Mechanical properties of sintered alumina-chromia refractories. Br Ceram Trans . 1995;94(2):79-84.

Harabi A. Study of an Alumina-Chromia System Containing Mullite. PhD thesis, The University of Manchester; 1990.

Kokubo T, Kim HM, Kawashita M. Novel bioactive materials with different mechanical properties. Biomaterials . 2003;24(13):2161-2175.

Harabi E, Harabi A, Mezahi FZ, Zouai S, Karboua NE, Chehlatt S. Effect of P2O5 on mechanical properties of porous natural hydroxyapatite derived from cortical bovine bones sintered at 1,050° C. Desalin Water Treat . 2016;57(12):5297-5302.

Montazerian M, Zanotto ED. Bioactive and inert dental glass‐ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res A . 2017;105(2):619-639.

Mezahi FZ, Harabi A, Zouai S, Achour S, Bernache-Assollant D. Effect of stabilised ZrO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 on sintering of hydroxyapatite. Mater Sci Forum . 2005;492:241-248.

Palakurthy S, Samudrala RK. In vitro bioactivity and degradation behaviour of β-wollastonite derived from natural waste. Mater Sci Eng C . 2019;98:109-117.

Vallet-Regí M, Salinas AJ, Román J, Gil M. Effect of magnesium content on the in vitro bioactivity of CaO-MgO-SiO2-P2O5 sol-gel glasses. J Mater Chem . 1999;9(2):515-518.

Srinath P, Azeem PA, Reddy KV, Chiranjeevi P, Bramanandam M, Rao RP. A novel cost-effective approach to fabricate diopside bioceramics: A promising ceramics for orthopedic applications. Adv Powder Technol . 2021;32(3):875-884.

Saravanan C, Sasikumar S. Bioactive diopside (CaMgSi2O6) as a drug delivery carrier–a review. Curr Drug Deliv . 2012;9(6):583-587.

Karamian E, Abdellahi M, Khandan A, Abdellah S. Introducing the fluorine doped natural hydroxyapatite-titania nanobiocomposite ceramic. J Alloys Compd . 2016;679:375-383.

Sobhani A, Salimi E. Low temperature preparation of diopside nanoparticles: in-vitro bioactivity and drug loading evaluation. Sci Rep . 2023;13(1):16330.